COVID-19 vaccination program in Cambodia: Achievements and remaining challenges

Summary Since Cambodia has been recognized as one of the low- and middle-income countries with a successful COVID-19 vaccine program, its program approaches were reviewed based mainly on press articles and announcements from the Ministry of Health. From the beginning, the government's proactive approach to securing vaccines and its flexibility prior to WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) contributed greatly to the success of the program. Vaccines were provided by COVAX and other countries, but more than half of the vaccines secured were Chinese vaccines purchased with government funds. The rollout of the vaccine has also been flexible, moving from a strategy of prioritizing risk groups and essential workers to one of expanding the campaign from population centers to rural areas, as well as gradually expanding the target age group, eventually targeting the population age 3 and older. As a result of this high level of commitment by the government and its flexible response, Cambodia has achieved 95% primary series coverage of the entire population, including those not eligible for vaccination. Although the sixth booster is now being administered in Cambodia and vaccination every six months was recommended, several challenges might be anticipated in continuing this program, including the lack of clear global guidance on how to sustain and modify the COVID-19 immunization program and vaccine fatigue after COVID-19 outbreaks have been controlled. How these challenges are overcome and how the COVID-19 vaccine program remains need to be carefully observed into the future.

Epidemiology and Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Travelers at Airport and Port Quarantine Stations Across Japan: A Nationwide Descriptive Analysis and an Individually Matched Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among travelers at international borders remain unclear. METHODS: We conducted descriptive and individually matched case-control studies using a nationwide register for COVID-19 testing of travelers from 3 August to 31 October 2020 at airport/port quarantine stations across Japan. Case patients, defined as travelers positive for COVID-19 on arrival, were individually matched with 4 controls for arrival date and airport or port. We assessed associations between test positivity and traveler characteristics using conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 157 507 travelers arriving from 146 countries/areas at 17 quarantine stations across Japan were tested for COVID-19. The percentage of test positivity during the study period was 0.35%. In the case-control study, with 536 case patients and 2144 controls, we found evidence of lower test positivity in travelers aged 3-19 years, female travelers, and travel corridor users (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.36 [.22-.60], 0.71 [.56-.89], and 0.48 [.30-.77], respectively), whereas higher positivity was associated with arrival from South-East Asia (1.88 [1.33-2.65]) or lower-middle- or low-income countries (2.46 [1.69-3.58] and 7.25 [2.22-23.66], respectively), any symptom (4.08 [1.43-11.65]), and nasopharyngeal compared with saliva sampling (2.75 [1.85-4.09]). A higher 14-day average incidence in the countries of stay was also associated with higher test positivity (1.64 [1.16-2.33] and 3.13 [1.88-5.23] for those from countries and areas where the 14-day average incidence was from 10 to <100 and ≥100 cases per million, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings justify travel restrictions based on the epidemic situation in countries of stay, although underestimation of the epidemic in lower-income countries should be considered. A strict travel corridor could also reduce the risk of COVID-19 importation.

Effective screening strategies for detection of asymptomatic COVID-19 travelers at airport quarantine stations: Exploratory findings in Japan.

The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method using nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS RT-qPCR) is regarded as the reference standard for diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, when using NPS RT-qPCR at busy airport quarantine stations, there are constraints on testing capacity, time, travelerstolerance, and availability of personal protective equipment for quarantine officers. A feasible alternative is therefore needed to test incoming travelers, especially when passenger numbers increase with the resumption of business, tourism, and economic activities. To explore alternatives to NPS RT-qPCR, we collected nasopharyngeal, anterior nasal, and saliva samples chronologically over days 1-7 from asymptomatic COVID-19 air travelers who were under quarantine at a designated facility, and we then compared test results for 9 different methods, comprising RT-qPCR (including the reference method), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and qualitative and quantitative antigen testing. We evaluated sensitivity for 97 person-day samples independently to evaluate asymptomatic travelers regardless of their testing date and period of asymptomatic status upon entry. Sensitivity of the different tests varied from 46.6% to 81.0%, but this was improved from 72.7% to 100.0% when the viral load was > 10 4 copies/sample on NPS RT-qPCR. Thus, most high-risk asymptomatic travelers with higher viral load would be detected by the tests evaluated. Quantitative antigen testing using saliva samples showed 90.9% sensitivity and provided quicker results, and should be an acceptable alternative to NPS RT-qPCR at busy airport quarantine stations. We discuss the implications of our exploratory findings for establishing a comprehensive and feasible testing strategy for COVID-19 among air passengers.

"Staying at home" to tackle COVID-19 pandemic: rhetoric or reality? Cross-cutting analysis of nine population groups vulnerable to homelessness in Japan.

Although the "stay-at-home" order is advocated against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the lives of individuals lacking adequate housing are threatened. We developed a framework to assess various populations with unstable housing in terms of socio-economic consequences of COVID-19, risk of COVID-19 infection and progression, existing/urgent measures, and remaining challenges. Within the framework, nine groups vulnerable to homelessness in Japan were classified into (i) "people without accommodation," (ii) "people living in temporary or crisis accommodation," and (iii) populations that include "people living in severely inadequate and insecure accommodation." The assessment revealed that "staying at home" was physically and practically unattainable across groups. The study identified specific institutional, social, and cultural challenges apart from the common economic crisis, whereas the utilization of social welfare was low. Findings suggest that the rapid increase of groups classified as "(i)" and "(ii)" should be addressed by engaging stakeholders to enhance the availability and accessibility of social welfare and rescue measures, and to ensure safe and private accommodations for all groups. It is critical to enhance multi-sectoral collaboration in responding to the common and specific vulnerabilities of these population groups from health, socio-economic, and humanitarian perspectives. Under the pandemic, homelessness should be regarded less as a peculiar problem for specific populations but an extension of daily life. The framework can be a reference when planning the comprehensive yet concise assessment of populations with unstable housing in other countries to inform responses to the pandemic.

Epidemiology and quarantine measures during COVID-19 outbreak on the cruise ship Diamond Princess docked at Yokohama, Japan in 2020: a descriptive analysis.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the cruise ship Diamond Princess docked at Yokohama, Japan was highlighted due to its number of cases in the early stage of the global epidemic when the picture of the virus itself, as well as epidemiological characteristics, were being established. We conducted an observational epidemiological study of the outbreak, focusing on a total of 403 individuals who developed a fever of ≥ 37.5°C from 20 January to 22 February 2020. Quarantine measures are also discussed with a descriptive method. Of a total of 3,711 individuals (2,031 males) from 57 countries, 2,666 (71.8%) and 1,045 (28.2%) were passengers and crew with mean age of 66.0 (range: 2-98) and 36.6 (range: 19-64), respectively. Among 403 febrile individuals, 165 passengers and 58 crew members were diagnosed as laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. Until 6 February, the number of confirmed cases was three or less per day. However, distribution of thermometers on 7 February revealed 43 confirmed cases, and it then started decreasing. The outbreak was initiated from decks for passengers and expanded to areas for crew. As of 17 March, when more than14 days had passed after disembarkation of all passengers and crew, there was no report of forming a cluster of infections in Japan from them. At the time of the initiation of quarantine, the outbreak had already expanded to most of the decks from those for passengers, and the results might suggest the contribution of the set of quarantine measures in unprecedented challenges of the control operation.